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Element chimic Cuprins Scurt istoric | Specii de atomi | Vezi și | Meniu de navigarem4009874-6sh8502289700562407

Elemente chimice


atomiprotonielectroniînvelișul electronicneutroniizotopiiDimitri I. Mendeleevlegea periodicității elementelor chimicetabelul periodic al elementelorgreaca vecheLeucipDemocritlogicăfilozoficănumăr atomicmasă










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Element chimic




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Tabelul periodic al elementelor chimice


Prin noțiunea de element chimic se înțelege o specie de atomi identici, adică de atomi având același număr de protoni în nucleul atomului, respectiv un număr identic de electroni în învelișul electronic al atomului. Definiția nu se referă la numărul de neutroni din nucleu, ceea ce înseamnă că noțiunea de element chimic include toți izotopii acelui element chimic.


Savantul rus Dimitri I. Mendeleev a descoperit legea periodicității elementelor chimice și a conceput o reprezentare grafică a interdependenței sofisticate a tuturor speciilor unice de atomi, tabelul periodic al elementelor.




Cuprins





  • 1 Scurt istoric


  • 2 Specii de atomi

    • 2.1 Izotopi


    • 2.2 Izobari


    • 2.3 Izotoni



  • 3 Vezi și




Scurt istoric |


Conceptul de atom (în greaca veche atomos, adică indivizibil) poate fi întâlnit în lucrările filozofilor greci antici Leucip și Democrit. Din punct de vedere pur abstract, speculativ, fără ca știința și tehnica timpului lor să le fi oferit sprijin experimental, Leucip și Democrit ajung la concluzia logică și filozofică că există o limită inferioară de divizare a materiei, și anume, această limită se oprește la o particulă, extrem de mică, dar indivizibilă, pe care au numit-o atom.



Specii de atomi |



Izotopi |


Izotopii sunt specii de atomi cu același Z (număr atomic), dar cu număr de masă (A) diferită, sau specii de atomi cu aceeași sarcină nucleară și număr diferit de neutroni. Exemplul hidrogenului:

















PROTIU (H)DEUTERIU (D)TRITIU (T)-radioactiv
Z=1, A=1Z=1, A=2Z=1, A=3
1 proton1 proton1 proton
0 neutroni1 neutron2 neutroni
1 electron1 electron1 electron


Izobari |


Izobarii sunt specii de atomi care aparțin unor elemente chimice diferite, dar care au același număr de nucleoni. Izobarii au număr atomic (Z) diferit, dar au același număr de masă (A). Ca exemplu poate servi seria izobarică 40, care cuprinde atomi cu câte 40 de nucleoni, după cum se observă în tabelul de mai jos:



Izotoni |


Izotonii sunt specii de atomi cu același număr de neutroni (n), dar cu număr diferit de protoni (Z).



Vezi și |


  • Lista elementelor chimice după nume

  • Simbol chimic

  • Tabelul periodic al elementelor




























v • d • m

Elemente chimice

Metale alcaline


Litiu (3) • Sodiu (11) • Potasiu (19) • Rubidiu (37) • Cesiu (55) • Franciu (87) • Ununennium (119)


TableImage.png

Metale alcalino-pământoase


Beriliu (4) • Magneziu (12) • Calciu (20) • Stronțiu (38) • Bariu (56) • Radiu (88) • Unbinilium (120)


Metale tranziționale


Scandiu (21) • Titan (22) • Vanadiu (23) • Crom (24) • Mangan (25) • Fier (26) • Cobalt (27) • Nichel (28) • Cupru (29) • Zinc (30) • Ytriu (39) • Zirconiu (40) • Niobiu (41) • Molibden (42) • Technețiu (43) • Ruteniu (44) • Rodiu (45) • Paladiu (46) • Argint (47) • Cadmiu (48) • Hafniu (72) • Tantal (73) • Wolfram (74) • Reniu (75) • Osmiu (76) • Iridiu (77) • Platină (78) • Aur (79) • Mercur (80) • Rutherfordiu (104) • Dubniu (105) • Seaborgiu (106) • Bohriu (107) • Hassiu (108) • Meitneriu (109) • Darmstadtiu (110) • Roentgeniu (111) • Coperniciu (112) • Nihoniu (113) • Fleroviu (114) • Moscoviu (115) • Livermoriu (116)


Metale post-tranziționale


Aluminiu (13) • Galiu (31) • Indiu (49) • Staniu (50) • Taliu (81) • Plumb (82) • Bismut (83) • Poloniu (84)


Metaloizi


Bor (5) • Siliciu (14) • Germaniu (32) • Arsen (33) • Stibiu (51) • Telur (52)


Nemetale


Hidrogen (1) • Carbon (6) • Azot (7) • Oxigen (8) • Fosfor (15) • Sulf (16) • Seleniu (34)


Halogeni


Fluor (9) • Clor (17) • Brom (35) • Iod (53) • Astatin (85) • Tennessin (117)


Gaze nobile


Heliu (2) • Neon (10) • Argon (18) • Kripton (36) • Xenon (54) • Radon (86) • Oganesson (118)


Lantanide


Lantan (57) • Ceriu (58) • Praseodim (59) • Neodim (60) • Promețiu (61) • Samariu (62) • Europiu (63) • Gadoliniu (64) Terbiu (65) • Disprosiu (66) • Holmiu (67) • Erbiu (68) • Tuliu (69) • Yterbiu (70) • Lutețiu (71)


Actinide


Actiniu (89) • Thoriu (90) • Protactiniu (91) • Uraniu (92) • Neptuniu (93) • Plutoniu (94) • Americiu (95) • Curiu (96) • Berkeliu (97) • Californiu (98) • Einsteiniu (99) • Fermiu (100) • Mendeleviu (101) • Nobeliu (102) • Lawrenciu (103)


Superactinide


Unbiunium (121) • Unbibium (122) • Unbitrium (123) • Unbiquadium (124) • Unbipentium (125) • Unbihexium (126) • Unbiseptium (127) • Unbioctium (128) • Unbiennium (129) • Untrinilium (130) • Untriunium (131) • Untribium (132) • Untritrium (133) • Untriquadium (134) • Untripentium (135) • Untrihexium (136) • Untriseptium (137) • Untrioctium (138) • Untriennium (139) • Unquadnilium (140) • Unquadunium (141) • Unquadbium (142) • Unquadtrium (143) • Unquadquadium (144) • Unquadpentium (145) • Unquadhexium (146) • Unquadseptium (147) • Unquadoctium (148) • Unquadennium (149) • Unpentnilium (150) • Unpentunium (151) • Unpentbium (152) • Unpenttrium (153) • Unpentquadium (154) • Unpentpentium (155)









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