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Kemične snoviKemični elementi


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Kemični element




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Kémični element (tudi kémična prvína) je snov, ki je ni mogoče z nobenim kemičnim postopkom razstaviti na enostavnejše sestavine. Kemični elementi se delijo na kovine, polkovine in nekovine, nekatere je mogoče dobiti le umetno. Najmanjši delci kemičnega elementa so atomi.


















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Vrstno številoImeSimbol
Atomska masa
[g/mol]
Gostota
pri 20 °C
[kg/m3]
Tališče
[°C]
Vrelišče
[°C]		Leto odkritjaOdkritelj
1vodikH1,007940,08988-259,1−252,9 1766
Cavendish
2helijHe4,0026020,1786-272,2−268,91895
Ramsay in Cleve
3litijLi6,941534180,513171817
Arfwedson
4berilijBe9,0121821850127829701797
Vauquelin
5borB10,8112460230025501808
Davy in Gay-Lussac
6ogljikC12,01135102267
(grafit)
3515 (diamant)		48271786
Berthollet, Monge in Vandermonde
7dušikN14,006741,2506-209,9−195,81772
Rutherford
8kisikO15,99941,429-218,4−182,91774
Priestley in Scheele
9fluorF18,99840321,696-219,6−188,11886
Moissan
10neonNe20,17970,8999-248,7−246,11898Ramsay in Travers
11natrijNa22,98976897097,88921807Davy
12magnezijMg24,3051740648,811071755
Black
13aluminijAl26,9815392700660,524671825
Ørsted
14silicijSi28,08552330141023551824
Berzelius
15fosforP30,973762182044 (P4)280 (P4)1669
Brandt
16žveploS32,0662070113444,71777
Lavoisier
17klorCl35,45272,95-101-34,61774Scheele
18argonAr39,9481,66-189,35−185,851894Ramsay in Rayleigh
19kalijK39,098389063,77741807Davy
20kalcijCa40,078155083914871808Davy
21skandijSc44,955912985153928321879
Nilson
22titanTi47,884506166032601791
Gregor in Klaproth
23vanadijV50,94156000189033801801
del Rio
24kromCr51,99617190185724821797Vauquelin
25manganMn54,938057210124420971774
Gahn
26železoFe55,847787415352750
27kobaltCo58,93328900149528701735Brandt
28nikeljNi58,698908145327321751
Cronstedt
29bakerCu63,54689401083,52595
30cinkZn65,397140419,6907
31galijGa69,723591029,824031875
de Boisbaudran
32germanijGe72,615323937,428301886
Winkler
33arzenAs74,921595727613613 (sublimira)okrog 1250

Albert Veliki
34selenSe78,9648102176851817Berzelius
35bromBr79,9043102−7,358,81826
Balard
36kriptonKr83,83,48-156,6−152,31898Ramsay in Travers
37rubidijRb85,46781530396881861
Bunsen in Kirchhoff
38stroncijSr87,62263076913841790
Crawford
39itrijY88,905854470152333371794
Gadolin
40cirkonijZr91,2246510185243771789Klaproth
41niobijNb92,906388580246849271801
Hatchet
42molibdenMo95,9410280261755601778Scheele
43tehnecijTc98,906311490217250301937
Perrier in Segrè
44rutenijRu101,0712450231039001844
Claus
45rodijRh102,905512410196637271803
Wollaston
46paladijPd106,4212020155231401803Wollaston
47srebroAg107,868210490961,92212
48kadmijCd112,41186403217651817
Stromeyer in Hermann
49indijIn114,827310156,220801863
Reich in Richter
50kositerSn118,7172902322270
51antimonSb121,756690630,71750
52telurTe127,66250449,69901782
von Reichenstein
53jodI126,904474940113,5184,41811
Courtois
54ksenonXe131,294,49-111,9−1071898Ramsay in Travers
55cezijCs132,90543190028,46901860Bunsen in Kirchhoff
56barijBa137,327365072516401808Davy
57lantanLa138,9055616092034541839
Mosander
58cerijCe140,115677079832571803
von Hisinger in Berzelius
59prazeodimPr140,90765648093132121895
von Welsbach
60neodimNd144,247000101031271895von Welsbach
61prometijPm146,91517220108027301945
Marinsky, Glendenin in Coryell
62samarijSm150,367540107217781879de Boisbaudran
63evropijEu151,965525082215971901
Demarçay
64gadolinijGd157,257890131132331880
de Marignac
65terbijTb158,925348219136030411843Mosander
66disprozijDy162,58560140923351886de Boisbaudran
67holmijHo164,930328780147027201878
Soret
68erbijEr167,269050152225101842Mosander
69tulijTm168,934219320154517271879
Cleve
70iterbijYb173,04697082411931878de Marignac
71lutecijLu174,9679840165633151907
Urbain
72hafnijHf178,4913310215054001923
Coster in von Hevesy
73tantalTa180,947916680299654251802
Ekeberg
74volframW183,8519260340759271783
brata de Elhuyar
75renijRe186,20721030318056271925
Noddack, Tacke in Berg
76osmijOs190,222610304550271803
Tenant
77iridijIr192,2222650241041301803Tenant in sodelavci
78platinaPt195,0821450177238271557
Scaliger
79zlatoAu196,96654193201064,42940
80živo srebroHg200,5913550−38,9356,6
81talijTl204,383311850303,614571861
Crookes
82svinecPb207,211340327,51740
83bizmutBi208,980379800271,415601540
Agricola
84polonijPo208,982492002549621898Marie in Pierre Curie
85astatAt209,98713023371940Corson in MacKenzie
86radonRn222,01769,23-71−61,81900
Dorn
87francijFr223,0197276771939Perey
88radijRa226,0254550070011401898Marie in Pierre Curie
89aktinijAc227,027810070104731971899
Debierne
90torijTh232,038111720175047871829Berzelius
91protaktinijPa231,035915370155440301917Soddy, Cranston in Hahn
92uranU238,0289189701132,438181789Klaproth
93neptunijNp237,04822048064039021940McMillan in Abelson
94plutonijPu244,06421974064133271940
Seaborg
95americijAm243,06141367099426071944Seaborg
96kirijCm247,07031351013401944Seaborg
97berkelijBk247,0703132509861949Seaborg
98kalifornijCf251,0796151009001950Seaborg
99ajnštajnijEs252,08298601952Seaborg
100fermijFm257,09511952Seaborg
101mendelevijMd258,09861955Seaborg
102nobelijNo259,10091958Seaborg
103lavrencijLr260,10531961Ghiorso
104raderfordijRf261,1087
1964/69
Flerow ali Ghiorso
105dubnijDb262,1138
1967/70
Flerow ali Ghiorso
106siborgijSg263,11821974Oganessian
107borijBh262,12291976Oganessian
108hasijHs2651984
GSI (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung)
109majtnerijMt2661982
GSI
110darmštatijDs2691994
GSI
111rentgenijRg2721994
GSI
112kopernicijCn2771996
GSI
113nihonijNh
114flerovijFl
115moskovijMc2004Združeni institut za jedrske raziskave[1] (v Dubni; rus. kratica ОИЯИ; ang. krat. JINR)
116livermorijLv
117tenesinTs
118oganesonOg


Poimenovanje |


Vsaka kemijska prvina ima ime. Za nekatere prvine so v uporabi ljudska imena, ki se uporabljajo že dolgo (železo, zlato, žveplo, ogljik), drugi pa so dobili svoje ime po lastnostih (npr. klor po zeleni barvi, jod po vijolični barvi, živo srebro zaradi tekočega stanja). Nekatere prvine so dobile ime po značilnih spojinah ali rudninah, npr. natrij po sodi (iz egipčanske besede nater), fluor po fluoritu, kalcij po apnu (latinsko calx). Nekateri so dobili ime po ležišču (iterbij po Ytterbiju, stroncij po Strontionu), drugi po mestih, državah, celinah (lutecij po latinskem poimenovanju za Pariz, germanij po Nemčiji, evropij, americij), planetih (uran, neptunij, plutonij) ali po znanstvenikih (ajnštajnij, mendelevij).[2]


Imena prvin, ki so prevzeta iz drugih jezikov, imajo končaj -ij, razen izjem, kot so klor, brom, jod, uran. Imena novoodkritih prvin se brez izjem obrazilijo z -ij, npr. berkelij, kalifornij. Pisava je fonetična, razen pri novejših prvinah, poimenovanih po pomembnih znanstvenikih, se uporablja tudi izvorna pisava (ajnštajnij ali einsteinij po Einsteinu, kirij ali curij po zakoncih Curie ...).[2][3] Pravopis daje prednost poslovenjenim zapisom (npr. ajnštajnij pred einsteinij).[4]



Opombe |




  1. ↑ Postopek priznavanja odkritja pri IUPAC in IUPAP je v teku.


  2. ↑ 2,02,1 Brenčič J., Lazarini F. Splošna in anorganska kemija za gimnazije, strokovne in tehniške šole. DZS, Ljubljana 1995, četrta izdaja: str. 118.


  3. ↑ Šmalc A., Müller J. Slovensko tehnično izrazje - jezikovni priročnik. ZRC, Ljubljana 2001.


  4. ↑ Slovenski pravopis, Ljubljana 2007.



Glej tudi |


  • Kemijski simbol

  • periodni sistem elementov

  • abecedni seznam elementov

  • seznam elementov po atomskem številu

  • seznam elementov po kemijskem simbolu









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