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KimikaElementi Kimiċi


atominumru atomikuforom allotropiċidjamantigraffitkarbonjuossiġenuożonustruttura molekulariTavla perjodikanumru tal-massanuklejuniisotopiidroġenuuranjuteknezjupromezjuoganesson










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Element kimiku




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Element kimiku huwa sustanza pura magħmula minn tip wieħed ta’ atomi, li jikkaratterizzawh u jiddistingwuh mill-elementi l-oħra bin-numru atomiku (Z).


L-elementi jistgħu jidhru taħt forom diversi:


  • taħt forma monoatomika: il-gassijiet nobbli (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn).

  • taħt forma molekulari: dawn huma xi eżempji H2, N2, O2, O3, F2, P4, S8, Cl2, Br2, I2.

  • taħt forma ta’ ġabra kontinwa (kristallina jew amorfa) ta’ atomi marbutin b’mod kovalenti: pereżempju C, Si, B, Sb.

  • taħt forma metallika: il-biċċa kbira ta’ l-elementi huma metalli, pereżempju, il-ħadid, is-sodju, id-deheb, il-kalċju, l-uranju .

L-istess element jista’ jeżisti f’forom allotropiċi differenti bħad-djamanti u l-graffit, li fihom il-karbonju għandu strutturi kristallini differenti jew l-ossiġenu diatomiku O2 u l-ożonu O3, li huma differenti fl-istruttura molekulari.

L-elementi ġew klassifikati fit-Tavla perjodika, strument tas-sintesi estremament qawwi.


































































































































































Grupp

1

2

3


4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Perjodu


1

1
H


2
He

2
3
Li
4
Be


5
B
6
C

7
N

8
O

9
F

10
Ne

3
11
Na
12
Mg


13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S

17
Cl

18
Ar

4
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc

22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se

35
Br

36
Kr

5
37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y

40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo

43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I

54
Xe

6
55
Cs
56
Ba
57
La

*

72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au

80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At

86
Rn

7
87
 Fr 
88
Ra
89
Ac

*
*


104
Rf

105
Db

106
Sg

107
Bh

108
Hs

109
Mt

110
Ds

111
Rg

112
Cn

113
Nh

114
Fl

115
Mc

116
Lv

117
Ts

118
Og

* Lantanojdi
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd

61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu
** Attinojdi
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U

93
Np

94
Pu

95
Am

96
Cm

97
Bk

98
Cf

99
Es

100
Fm

101
Md

102
No

103
Lr















Serje kimiċi tat-tavla perjodika

Metalli alkalini

Metalli alkalini ta' l-art

Lantanojdi

Attinojdi

Metalli tal-blokka d

Metalli tal-blokka p

Semimetalli

Non-Metalli

Aloġeni

Gassijiet nobbli


Leġenda għall-kuluri tan-numri atomiċi:


  • L-elementi nnumrati bil-blu huma likwidi f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar;

  • dawk bl-aħdar huma gassijiet f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar;

  • dawk bl-iswed huma solidi f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar;

  • dawk bl-aħmar huma artifiċjali u m'humiex naturalment preżenti fuq id-Dinja (huma kollha solidi f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar). It-teknezju hu preżenti fi kwantitajiet minimi fil-minjieri ta' l-uranju u fil-ġganti ħomor.

  • dawk bil-griż għadhom ma ġewx skoperti.





L-atomi ta’ l-istess element jista’ jkollhom numru tal-massa (A), jiġifieri numru ta’ nuklejuni, differenti. Dawn il-varjetajiet differenti jissejħu isotopi, billi għandhom l-istess post fit-tavla perjodika.

L-elementi li jinstabu naturalment fi-Dinja huma 94 (mill-idroġenu sa l-uranju mingħajr it- teknezju u l-promezju) li minhom 80 għandhom almenu isotopu stabbli wieħed. Sa issa jistgħu jinħolqu 24 oħra artifiċjalment, u għalhekk b’kollox nafu b’118 element. L-element l-iżjed tqil hu l-oganesson bin-numru atomiku ta’ 118.


Hawn taħt nagħtu tabella li tiġbor fiha xi informazzjoni fuq l-elementi, irranġati skond in-numru atomiku.



Lista ta' l-Elementi |


















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































N

Element

Simbolu

Piż atomiku

Konfigurazzjoni
elettronika


EI1(eV)

AE (eV)

Χ (Pauling)

Sena
ta’ l-iskoperta

1

Idroġenu
H
1,0079
1s
13,59844
0,754
2,1

1766
2

Elju
He
4,0026
1s224,58741
− 0,5
-

1895
3

Litju
Li
6,941
[He]2s
5,39172
0,618
1,0

1817
4

Berillju
Be
9,0122
[He]2s29,32263
− 0,5
1,5

1797
5

Boru
B
10,81
[He]2s22p
8,29803
0,277
2,0

1808
6

Karbonju
C
12,011
[He]2s22p211,26030
1,263
2,5
antikità
7

Ażotu
N
14.0067
[He]2s22p314,53414
− 0,07
3,0

1772
8

Ossiġenu
O
15,9994
[He]2s22p413,61806
1,461
3,5

1774
9

Fluworu
F
18,9984
[He]2s22p517,42282
3,399
4,0

1886
10

Neon
Ne
20,179
[He]2s22p621,56454
− 1,2
-

1898
11

Sodju
Na
22,98977
[Ne]3s
5,13908
0,548
0,9

1807
12

Manjeżju
Mg
24,305
[Ne]3s27,64624
− 0,4
1,2

1808
13

Aluminju
Al
26,9815
[Ne]3s23p
5,98577
0,441
1,5

1825
14

Siliċju
Si
28,0855
[Ne]3s23p28,15169
1,385
1,8

1824
15

Fosfru
P
30,9738
[Ne]3s23p310,48669
0,747
2,1

1669
16

Żolfu (Kubrit)
S
32,06
[Ne]3s23p410,36001
2,077
2,5
antikità
17

Kloru
Cl
35,453
[Ne]3s23p512,96764
3,617
3,0

1774
18

Argon
Ar
39,948
[Ne]3s23p615,759
− 1,0
-

1894
19

Potassju
K
39,0983
[Ar]4s
4,34066
0,502
0,8

1807
20

Kalċju
Ca
40,08
[Ar]4s26,11316
−0,3
1,0

1808
21

Skandju
Sc
44,9559
[Ar]3d4s26,56144
0,188
1,3

1879
22

Titanju
Ti
47,88
[Ar]3d24s26,8282
0,079
1,5

1791
23

Vanadju
V
50,9415
[Ar]3d34s26,746
0,524
1,6

1830
24

Kromu
Cr
51,996
[Ar]3d54s
6,76664
0,666
1,6

1798
25

Manganiż
Mn
54,9380
[Ar]3d54s27,43402
0
1,5

1774
26

Ħadid
Fe
55,847
[Ar]3d64s27,9024
0,163
1,8
antikità
27

Kobaltu
Co
58,9332
[Ar]3d74s27,8810
0,660
1,9

1737
28

Nikil
Ni
58,69
[Ar]3d84s27,6398
1,161
1,9

1751
29

Ramm
Cu
63,546
[Ar]3d104s
7,72638
1,227
1,9
antikità
30

Żingu
Zn
65.38
[Ar]3d104s29,3940
0
1,6

Seklu XV
31

Gallju
Ga
69,72
[Ar]3d104s24p
5,99930
0,300
1,6

1875
32

Ġermanju
Ge
72,59
[Ar]3d104s24p27,899
1,233
1,8

1886
33

Arseniku
As
74,9216
[Ar]3d104s24p39,8152
0,808
2,0

Seklu XV
34

Selenju
Se
78,96
[Ar]3d104s24p49,75238
2,021
2,4

1818
35

Bromu
Br
79,904
[Ar]3d104s24p511,81381
3,365
2,8

1826
36

Kripton
Kr
83,80
[Ar]3d104s24p613,99961
− 1,0
-

1898
37

Rubidju
Rb
85,4678
[Kr]5s
4,17713
0,486
0,8

1860
38

Stronzju
Sr
87,62
[Kr]5s25,69484
0
1,0

1808
39

Ittrju
Y
88,9059
[Kr]4d5s26,217
0,307
1,2

1794
40

Żirkonju
Zr
91,224
[Kr]4d25s26,63390
0,426
1,4

1789
41

Njubju
Nb
92,9064
[Kr]4d35s26,75885
0,892
1,6

1801
42

Molibdenu
Mo
95,94
[Kr]4d55s
7,09243
0,745
1,8

1782
43

Teknezju
Tc
(98)
[Kr]4d55s27,28
0,549
1,9

1939
44

Rutenju
Ru
101,9055
[Kr]4d65s27,36050
1,050
2,2

1844
45

Rodju
Rh
102,9055
[Kr]4d75s27,45890
1,137
2,2

1803
46

Palladju
Pd
106,42
[Kr]4d105s08,3369
0,557
2,2

1803
47

Fidda
Ag
107,868
[Kr]4d105s
7,57624
1,302
1,9
antikità
48

Kadmju
Cd
112,41
[Kr]4d105s28,9937
0
1,7

1817
49

Indju
In
114,82
[Kr]4d105s25p
5,78636
0,300
1,7

1863
50

Stann
Sn
118,71
[Kr]4d105s25p27,34381
1,112
1,8
antikità
51

Antimonju
Sb
121,75
[Kr]4d105s25p38,64
1,070
1,9

Seklu XV
52

Tellurju
Te
127,60
[Kr]4d105s25p49,0096
1,971
2,1

1783
53

Jodju
I
126,9045
[Kr]4d105s25p510,45126
3,060
2,5

1811
54

Xenu
Xe
131,29
[Kr]4d105s25p612,12987
0
-

1898
55

Ċesju
Cs
132,9054
[Xe]6s
3,89390
0,472
0,7

1860
56

Barju
Ba
137,33
[Xe]6s25,21170
0
0,9

1808
57

Lantanju
La
138,9055
[Xe]5d6s25,5770
0,470
1,1

1839
58

Ċerju
Ce
140,12
[Xe]4f5d6s25,5387
0,955
1,1

1803
59

Praseodimju
Pr
140,9077
[Xe]4f36s25,464
< 0,518
1,1

1885
60

Neodimju
Nd
144,24
[Xe]4f46s25,5250
< 0,518
1,2

1885
61

Promezju
Pm
(145)
[Xe]4f56s25,55
< 0,518
1,2

1945
62

Samarju
Sm
150,36
[Xe]4f66s25,6437
< 0,518
1,2

1880
63

Europju
Eu
151,96
[Xe]4f76s25,6704
< 0,518
1,1

1901
64

Gadolinju
Gd
157,25
[Xe]4f75d6s26,1502
< 0,518
1,1

1880
65

Terbju
Tb
158,9254
[Xe]4f96s25,8639
< 0,518
1,2

1843
66

Disprosju
Dy
162,50
[Xe]4f106s25,939
< 0,518
1,2

1886
67

Olmju
Ho
164,9304
[Xe]4f116s26,0216
< 0,518
1,2

1879
68

Erbju
Er
167,26
[Xe]4f126s26,1078
< 0,518
1,2

1843
69

Tulju
Tm
168,9342
[Xe]4f136s26,18431
1,029
1,2

1879
70

Itterbju
Yb
173,04
[Xe]4f146s26,25416
< 0,518
1,1

1879
71

Lutezju
Lu
174,967
[Xe]4f145d6s25,426
0,52
1,2

1907
72

Afnju
Hf
178,49
[Xe]4f145d26s26,82507
0
1,3

1923
73

Tantalju
Ta
180,9479
[Xe]4f145d36s27,89
0,32
1,5

1802
74

Tungstenu
W
183,85
[Xe]4f145d66s
7,98
0,815
1,7

1783
75

Renju (Kimika)
Re
186,207
[Xe]4f145d56s27,88
0,150
1,9

1925
76

Ożmju
Os
190,2
[Xe]4f145d66s28,7
1,100
2,2

1804
77

Iridju
Ir
192,22
[Xe]4f145d76s29,1
1,565
2,2

1804
78

Platinu
Pt
195,08
[Xe]4f145d106s09,0
2,128
2,2

1748
79

Deheb
Au
196,9665
[Xe]4f145d106s
9,22567
2,309
2,4
antikità
80

Merkurju
Hg
200,59
[Xe]4f145d106s210,43750
0
1,9
antikità
81

Tallju
Tl
204,383
[Xe]4f145d106s26p
6,10829
0,199
1,8

1861
82

Ċomb
Pb
207,2
[Xe]4f145d106s26p27,4167
0,364
1,9
antikità
83

Bismut
Bi
208,9804
[Xe]4f145d106s26p37,2855
0,945
1,9

1753
84

Polonju
Po
(209)
[Xe]4f145d106s26p48,41671
1,900
2,0

1898
85

Astatu
At
(210)
[Xe]4f145d106s26p59,2
2,799
2,2

1940
86

Radon
Rn
(222)
[Xe]4f145d106s26p610,74850
0
-

1900
87

Franċju
Fr
(223)
[Rn]7s
4,0712
n.d.
0,7

1939
88

Radju
Ra
226,0254
[Rn]7s25,27892
n.d.
0,9

1898
89

Attinju
Ac
227,028
[Rn]6d7s25,17
n.d.
1,1

1899
90

Torju
Th
232,0381
[Rn]6d26s26,308
n.d.
1,3

1828
91

Protoattinju
Pa
231,0359
[Rn]5f26d7s25,89
n.d.
1,4

1917
92

Uranju
U
238,0289
[Rn]5f36d7s26,19405
n.d.
1,4

1789
93

Nettunju
Np
237,0482
[Rn]5f46d7s26,2655
n.d.
1,4

1940
94

Plutonju
Pu
(244)
[Rn]5f66s26,0262
n.d.
1,3

1940
95

Ameriċju
Am
(243)
[Rn]5f77s25,9738
n.d.
1,3

1944
96

Kurju
Cm
(247)
[Rn]5f76d7s26,02
n.d.
1,3

1944
97

Berkelju
Bk
(247)
[Rn]5f97s26,229
n.d.
1,3

1949
98

Kalifornju
Cf
(251)
[Rn]5f107s26,30
n.d.
1,3

1950
99

Einsteinju
Es
(252)
[Rn]5f117s26,422
n.d.
1,3

1954
100

Fermju
Fm
(257)
[Rn]5f127s26,50
n.d.
1,3

1954
101

Mendelevju
Md
(258)
[Rn]5f137s26,58
n.d.
1,3

1955
102

Nobelju
No
(259)
[Rn]5f147s26,65
n.d.
1,3

1958
103

Lawrenzju
Lr
(260)
[Rn]5f146d7s2n.d.
n.d.
1,3

1961
104

Rutherfordju
Rf
(261)
[Rn]5f146d27s2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1968
105

Dubnju
Db
(262)
[Rn]5f146d37s2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1970
106

Seaborgju
Sg
(266)
[Rn]5f146d47s2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1974
107

Bohrju
Bh
(264)
[Rn]5f146d57s2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1981
108

Hassju
Hs
(269)
[Rn]5f146d67s2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1984
109

Meitnerju
Mt
(268)
[Rn]5f146d77s2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1982
110

Darmstadtju
Ds
(269)
[Rn]5f146d97s
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1994
111

Roentgenju
Rg
(272)
[Rn]5f146d107s
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1994
112

Koperniċju
Cn
(277)
[Rn]5f146d107s2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1996
113

Nihonju
Nh
(284)
[Rn]5f146d107s27p
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

2004
114

Flerovju
Fl
(289)
[Rn]5f146d107s27p2n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

1999
115

Moskovju
Mc
(288)
[Rn]5f146d107s27p3n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

2004
116

Livermorju
Lv
(292)
[Rn]5f146d107s27p4n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

2000
117

Tennessinju
Ts
(310)
[Rn]5f146d107s27p5n.d.
n.d.
n.d.

2010
118

Oganesson
Og
(314)
[Rn]5f146d107s27p6n.d.
n.d.
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